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Road Ecology

Proceedings and Symposia
Projects
Presentations
Publications

 

The ecology of roads and their effects has been a primary area of emphasis for me. One of the most fundamental questions that ecologists and managers can ask is how to restore connectivity to fragmented landscapes. The solution in the U. S. and Canada lies not only with ecologists but with North American Departments of Transportation. There is perhaps no greater anthropogenic influence on landscape connectivity than roads. Roads have both direct (animal mortality) and indirect (loss of landscape permeability resulting in fragmentation) effects. In effect, how roads are constructed will in large measure determine if the landscape is permeable, semi-permeable, or impermeable to animal movement; in other words the degree of landscape fragmentation as perceived by individual organisms. Context sensitive road design and maintenance necessarily incorporate a linked mitigation effort at landscape scales. In addition to a co-authored book Road and Ecology: Science and Solutions, published by the Island Press in 2003, my students and I have addressed the direct effects of roads through directed research, peer-reviewed publications and reports, and presentations at national and international conferences.

Road mitigation for large animal mortality has often taken the form of animal exclusion with the construction of high (often 2.4 m or higher) fences. Typically, fences are combined with underpasses or overpasses to allow deer and other animals to access other parts of their range and hence maintain some semblance of landscape connectivity and permeability. However, a common assumption is that fences, once constructed, are ‘deer-proof”. This is seldom the case. Lack of maintenance, as well as erosion, earth slumping, and illegal breeching all compromise the integrity of fences. Deer, elk and other animals do access the highway right-of-way (ROW) and are often killed. My students and I have investigated the effectiveness of the traditional steel one-way escape gates and compared them with newly developed and tested earthen escape ramps. We found that ramps were from 8-12 times more effective in allowing deer and elk to escape the ROW. A valuation of amortizing the costs associated with the retro-fit construction of earthen ramps (approximately $2000 each) suggested that even assuming a very conservative reduction in mortality (2%), costs would be amortized in little over 2 years. This work has been transmitted as a M.S. thesis (Hammer, M.L. 2002.  Effectiveness of Earthen Return Ramps in Reducing Game Mortality in Utah, Utah State University) and a publication is in the last stages of preparation. This work is a continuation of work begun earlier that included 2 research efforts described and listed below.

My students and I conducted a study that addressed mitigation for direct mortality effects of roads. Highway mortality of deer (Odocoileus sp.) is a nationwide concern. In 1991, 538,000 verified deer-vehicle collisions occurred nationwide; the actual number could be twice that amount. Estimates from 1995 (Conover et al. 1995: Wildlife Society Bull. 23:407-414 suggested that as many as 1.5 million deer may be killed annually in the United States. Property damage to vehicles ($1500-1700 average per vehicle), human injuries (4,650 from Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, and Iowa in 2000 alone (Knapp, U. Wisconsin, personal communication – nationwide figures not available but very significant) and fatalities (~200 per year nationwide), as well as potential impacts to local deer populations occur from deer-vehicle collisions. This study was conducted at the site of the newly constructed Jordanelle Reservoir near Park City, Utah. Area roads were relocated due to inundation of existing highways. Preconstruction road-kill was documented to be 0.29 kills/km. Annual road-kill levels of 278 (5.9 kills/km) and 119 (2.5 kills/km) deer occurred post-construction along the new roads from October 1991 to October 1993. Even though there was a 64.2% reduction in observed deer density, second year mortality was still 9 times the pre-project kill. Traffic characteristics, road alignment, and vegetative and topographic features were described relative to mule deer kill locations and significantly suggest the need for context sensitive planning and road construction. Traffic volume, slope, and right-of-way (row) vegetation cover were positively correlated with kill locations. In this study we assessed the effects of vehicle mortality on deer population dynamics and concluded it was inversely density dependent and partially additive, removing between 5.6 and 17.4% of the population annually that would have survived otherwise. This information is being used by the Utah Division of Wildlife, the U.S.F.W.S., the Central Utah Project, and the Utah Department of Transportation as a basis for locating road crossing structures and was the basis for the project described below that involved an evaluation of the effectiveness of a newly-designed system of highway crosswalks at reducing mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)-vehicle collisions. The following M.S. thesis resulted: (Romin, L. 1994. Factors Associated with the Highway Mortality of Mule Deer at Jordanelle Reservior , Utah. M.S. Thesis, Utah State University) Here is an executive summary. Additional papers and presentations are listed below.

The Utah Department of Transportation constructed and my students and I tested the effectiveness of the newly designed ‘at-grade’ big-game crosswalks and their associated structures. The experimental crosswalks were substantially cheaper than conventional overpasses and underpasses. If effective, they could find nationwide application in helping to minimize the human, economic, and environmental losses that result from deer-vehicle collisions at substantially lower cost than current mitigative measures. We team developed 3 competing simulation models in which highway losses operated in a strictly additive, partially compensatory/additive, and strictly compensatory manner. The partially compensatory/additive model most closely tracked observed population dynamics. Annual variation in demographic parameters offset the impacts of highway mortality at big population densities, however at low densities, highway mortality was severe enough to drive declining population trends. Monte Carlo error analyses were used to check results. The analyses suggested that with no reduction in highway mortality, there was a 90.7 % chance of population decline. With 40, 60, and 80% reductions in mortality, the likelihood of a declining population was 62.4, 41.8, and 22.8%, respectively. The influence of variable climatic conditions was also evaluated. We concluded that: a) mitigation efforts should target greater mortality reductions to help insure that desired population changes occur; and 2) at-grade crossing structures were not appropriate for other than relatively narrow secondary roads. The M.S. thesis resulting from this work was titled: (Lehnert, M.E. 1996, Mule Deer Highway Mortality in Northeastern Utah: An Analysis of Population-Level Impacts and a New Mitigative System.  M.S. Thesis, Utah State University)  The data from these studies are being used currently by the Utah Department of Transportation in their mitigation measures for high deer kill areas.


Projects

THESES

  • L. A. Romin, M.S. 1994. Factors associated with the highway mortality of mule deer at Jordanelle Reservoir, Utah.
  • M. E. Lehnert, M. S. 1996. Mule deer-highway mortality in northeastern Utah: An analysis of population level impacts and a new mitigative system,
  • M. L. Hammer, M. S. 2001. Effectiveness of earthen escape ramps in reducing big game mortality in Utah
  • Chris Kassar, M.S. Thesis. 2005. Wildlife vehicle collisions in Utah: An analysis of wildlife road mortality hotspots, economic impacts, and implications for mitigation and management.
  • S. Rosa, M.S. 2006. Highway effects on small mammal communities and effectiveness of a deer-vehicle collision mitigation strategy
  • D. Olson, Ph.D. 2012 (Dec.), Modeling population effects of deer vehicle collisions
     

Patricia Cramer, Research Associate. Evaluation of the use and effectiveness of wildlife crossings, funded by the Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences

 The information about this project can be found at these links.

Wildlife and Roads Web Site: www.wildlifeandroads.org

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) site for our national decision tool protocol:  http://environment.transportation.org/environmental_issues/wildlife_roads/decision_guide/manual  or http://www.trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=9369

 

Proceedings and Symposia

  • Lehnert, M. E., L. A. Romin, and J. A. Bissonette. 1996. Mule deer-highway mortality in northeastern Utah: causes, patterns, and a new mitigative technique. (9 pages) in G. L. Evink, P. Garrett, D. Zeigler, and J. Berry, eds., Trends in Addressing Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality. Proc. Transport. Related Wildlife Mortality Seminar, June 1996, Fla. Dept. Transport. Publ. No. FL-ER-58-96 Tallahassee Fla. (unpaginated).
  • Lehnert, M. E., J. A. Bissonette, and J. W. Haefner 1998. Deer (Cervidae) highway mortality: using models to tailor mitigative efforts. Proceedings of the International Union of Game Biologists 23rd Congress: Game Management and Land Use in Open Landscapes. Gibier Faune Savage, Game Wildl. Vol 15 (Hors serie Tome 3) 15:835-841.
  • Bissonette, J.A., M. E. Lehnert, and J. W. Haefner. 2000. Dead on the road: mitigative models to address deer highway mortality. Abstract P. 52. in Proceedings of the symposium: Wildlife and Highways: Seeking solutions to an ecological and socio-economic dilemma. 7th Ann. Meeting of the Wildlife Society, Nashville TN.
  • Bissonette, J. A., M. E. Lehnert, and M. Harrison. 2000. Lanes of destruction: effectiveness of highway right-of-way escape structures for mule deer. Abstract P. 124. in Proceedings of the symposium: Wildlife and Highways: Seeking solutions to an ecological and socio-economic dilemma. 7th Ann. Meeting of the Wildlife Society, Nashville TN.
  • Switalski, T. A., J. A. Bissonette, T. H. DeLuca, C. H. Luce, and M.A. Madej. 2003. Wildland road removal: research needs. Pages 642-646 in C. L. Irwin, P. Garrett, and K.P. McDermott,eds., Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, Raleigh, N.C.
  • Cramer, P.C., and J. A. Bissonette. 2005. Wildlife crossings in North America: The state of the science and practice. Pages 442-460 in: International Conference On Ecology and transportation 2005 Proceedings, San Diego, California, U.S.A.
  • Grilo, C., C. Silva, C. Baltazar, L. Gomes,J. A. Bissonette & M. Santos-Reis. 2007. Patterns of carnivore road casualties in southern Portugal. . Page 556-561 in Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET), C. L. Irwin, D. Nelson, and K. P. McDermott. Raleigh N.C.: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2007. Little Rock, AR. 21 May 2007.
  • Rosa, S., and J. A. Bissonette. 2007. Roads and desert small mammal communities: Positive interaction?  Pages 562-566 in Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET), C. L. Irwin, D. Nelson, and K. P. McDermott. Raleigh NC.: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2007. Little Rock, AR.
  • Bissonette, J. A., and P. C. Cramer. 2007. Abstract: North American Decision Guidelines for mitigating roads for wildlife. Page 422 in Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET), C. L. Irwin, D. Nelson, and K. P. McDermott. Raleigh N.C.: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2007. Little Rock, AR. 21 May 2007.
  • Cramer, P. C. and J. A. Bissonette. 2007. Integrating Wildlife Crossings into Transportation Plans in Projects in North America. Pages 328-334 in Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET), C. L. Irwin, D. Nelson, and K. P. McDermott. Raleigh N.C.: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2007.
  • Rosa, S., and J. A. Bissonette. 2007. Roads and desert small mammal communities: Positive interaction?  Pages 562-566 in Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET), C. L. Irwin, D. Nelson, and K. P. McDermott. Raleigh NC.: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2007. Little Rock, AR.
  • Bissonette, J. A., and P. C. Cramer. 2007. Abstract: North American Decision Guidelines for mitigating roads for wildlife. Page 422 in Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET), C. L. Irwin, D. Nelson, and K. P. McDermott. Raleigh N.C.: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2007. Little Rock, AR. 21 May 2007.
  • Cramer, P. C. and J. A. Bissonette. 2007. Integrating Wildlife Crossings into Transportation Plans in Projects in North America. Pages 328-334 in Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET), C. L. Irwin, D. Nelson, and K. P. McDermott. Raleigh N.C.: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2007.

 

Presentations

  • Ascensao, F., C. Grilo, J. A. Bissonette, and M. Santos-Reis. 2008. The role of landscape permeability for stone marten conservation: Patch occupancy and road mortality risk. Presented at the 23rd Annual Landscape Ecology Symposium, Madison Wisconsin, 6-10 April.
  • Grilo, C., M. Cruz, J. A. Bissonette, and M. Santos-Reis. 2008. Sensitivity of carnivores to habitat fragmentation from a multi-scale perspective. Poster presented at the 23rd Annual Landscape Ecology Symposium, Madison Wisconsin, 6-10 April 2008.
  • Cramer, P. C., and J. A. Bissonette. 2007. How do we make the roaded landscape more permeable for wildlife? Presented at the Annual Meeting of TWS, Tucson AZ, 23 Sept.
  • Grilo, C., J. A. Bissonette, and M. Santos-Reis. 2007. Effects of road mortality on mustelids in southern Portugal: Sensitivities and management implications. Presented at the 25th Mustelid Colloquium, Prague Czech Republic, 4-7 October.
  • Rosa, S., and J. A. Bissonette. 2007. Roads and desert small mammal communities: Positive interactions? ICOET meeting, Little Rock, AR, 20-25 May 2007.
  • Cramer, P. C. and J. A. Bissonette. Integrating Wildlife Crossings into Transportation Plans in Projects in North America. ICOET meeting, Little Rock, AR, 20-25 May 2007.
  • Bissonette, J. A., and P. C. Cramer. 2007. North American Decision Guidelines for mitigating roads for wildlife. ICOET meeting, Little Rock, AR, 20-25 May 2007.
  • Grilo, C., C. Silva, C. Baltazar, L. Gomes, J. Bissonette, & M. Santos-Reis. 2007. Patterns of carnivore road casualties in southern Portugal. ICOET meeting, Little Rock, AR, 20-25 May 2007.
  • Cramer, P. C., and J. A. Bissonette. NCHRP 25-27 Update: Evaluation of the use and effectiveness of Wildlife Crossings in North America. Presented at the AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways Technical Meeting, Phoenix AZ, 4 May 2007
  • Bissonette, J. A., and P. C.Cramer. 2007. Mule deer mortalities in SE Idaho. Invited talk presented at the Symposium on Big-Game Highway Mortality, Idaho State University, 24 March 2007.
  • Cramer, P. C., J. A. Bissonette. 2007. The state of the practice of wildlife crossings. Invited keynote speaker. Toronto Zoo Roads and Ecopassages Forum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. March 2007.
  • Cramer, P. C., J. A. Bissonette. 2007. Wildlife crossings and transportation planning in the U.S. Invited keynote speaker. Toronto Zoo Roads and Ecopassages Forum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. March 2007.
  • Cramer, P. C., J. A. Bissonette. 2007. Wildlife crossings and transportation planning in the United States. Invited seminar speaker to Utah State University Department of Landscape Architecture. February, 2007.
  • Cramer, P. C., J. A. Bissonette. 2007. Wildlife crossings: Current and future directions. Invited speaker at Caltrans Road Ecology Meeting, University of California, Davis. February 2007.
  • Cramer, P. C., J. A. Bissonette. 2007. The state of the science and practice for mitigating roads for wildlife in North America. Keynote speaker at Caltrans Road Ecology Meeting, University of California, Davis. February 2007.
  • Cramer, P. C., and J. A. Bissonette. 2007. Priorities for safely accommodating wildlife movement within transportation systems. Invited presentation to the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. January, 2007.
  • Cramer, P. C., and J. A. Bissonette. 2007. Overview of NCHRP Project 25-27: Evaluation of the use and effectiveness of wildlife crossings. Invited presentation to the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. January, 2007
  • Cramer, P. C., J. A. Bissonette, N. Newhouse, T. Kinley, S. Jacobson, K. Knapp, B. Persaud, C, Lyon and A. Clevenger. 2007. A wildlife crossing decision tool to mitigate transportation corridors for wildlife. Presentation to the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. January, 2007.
  • Cramer, P. C., and J. A. Bissonette. 2006. Carnivore crossings and roads in North America: How are we doing? Carnivores 2006, St. Petersburg, Florida, 12-15 November 2006.
  • Cramer, P. C. and J. A. Bissonette. 2006. Transportation Ecology: Current and Future Directions of the Science of Wildlife and Roads. Invited Seminar, College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, Nov. 2006.
  • Cramer, P. and J. A. Bissonette. 2006. Wildlife crossings and transportation planning in the United States. Invited presentation to the Transportation Conference, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, West Virginia. August 2006.
  • Cramer, P. C. and J. A. Bissonette. 2006. Wildlife and roads: The state of the science and practice. Invited presentation to the 2006 MNDOT Environmental Stewardship and Streamlining Workshop. Minneapolis, MN, March 2006.
  • Rosa, S., and J. A. Bissonette. 2006. Preliminary Results of a Wildlife Mortality Mitigation Strategy on Interstate 15 in Utah. Presented at the Utah Chapter of the Wildlife Society, Moab Utah, 1-3 March 2006
  • Cramer, P. and J. A. Bissonette. 2006. Wildlife passages: How does Utah compare to the rest of North America. Presented at the Utah Chapter of the Wildlife Society, Moab Utah, 1-3 March 2006
  • Cramer, P. C. and J. A. Bissonette. 2006. Wildlife crossings in North America. Invited Presentation to Transportation Research Board Wildlife and Highways Workshop. Washington, D.C. January, 2006.
  • Cramer, P. C. and J. A. Bissonette. 2006. Priorities for research related to wildlife and roads. Transportation Research Board Wildlife and Highways Workshop. Washington, D.C. January, 2006.
  • Cramer, P. C. and J. A. Bissonette. 2006. NCHRP 25-27 Update: Evaluation of the Use and Effectiveness of Wildlife Crossings in North America. Transportation Research Board Wildlife and Highways Workshop. Washington, D.C. January, 2006.
  • Cramer, P.C., and J. A. Bissonette. 2005. NCHRP 25-27 update: Wildlife crossings in North America. Deer-Vehicle Crash Reductions: Setting a Strategic Agenda Workshop. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, October, 2005.
  • Rosa, S. and J. Bissonette. 2005. How to teach a mule deer to safely cross an interstate highway: Preliminary results of a wildlife mortality mitigation strategy on Interstate 15 in Utah, USA. Poster Abstract submitted to the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET), San Diego, 29 August-2 September 2005.
  • Bissonette, J. A., and P. C. Cramer. 2005. Wildlife and roads: Priorities for research and practice. Abstract submitted to the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET), San Diego, 29 August-2 September 2005.
  • Bissonette, J. A., P. C. Cramer, N. Newhouse, T. Kinley, K. Knap, B. Persaud, C. Lyon, A. Clevenger, and S. Jacobson. A decision tool for mitigating roads for Wildlife: The NCHRP 25-27 Project. Poster presented at the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET), San Diego, 1 September 2005.
  • Cramer, P. C., and J. A. Bissonette. 2005. Wildlife and Roads: the State of the Science and Practice. 2005. Co-Keynote Address presented at the Rockies Wildlife Crossing Field Course, Payson Arizona, 11 April 2005.
  • Cramer, P.C., and J. A. Bissonette. 2005. Restoring permeability in the roaded landscape: Priorities for research. International Association of Landscape Ecology Annual Symposium. March 2005. Syracuse, NY.
  • Kassar, C., and J. A. Bissonette. 2005. Identifying and describing road mortality hotspots: When is it necessary to be spatially explicit? Presentation US-IALE, Syracuse N.Y. 2005 meeting, 14 March.
  • Switalski, A., J. A. Bissonette, T. H, Deluca, C. H. Luce, and M. A. Madej. 2003. Wildland road removal: Research needs. International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, Lake Placid New York, 24-29 August.
  • Switalski, A., J. A. Bissonette, T. H, Deluca, C. H. Luce, and M. A. Madej. 2003. Watershed benefits from road removal. 17th Annual Meeting of the Society for Conservation Biology, Duluth Minnesota, 28 June-2 July.
  • Bissonette, J. A. 2002. Invited Presentation “Wildlife Populations: Effects of The Roaded Landscape”. Sponsored by the Transportation Research Board, 14 January 2002, Washington, D. C.
  • Zakrajsek E. J. & J. A. Bissonette. 2001. Nocturnal bird-avoidance modeling with mobile-marine radar. Bird Strike Committee Conference, Calgary, Alberta 27-30 August.Bissonette, J. A. 2001. Scaling Roads and Wildlife: The Cinderella Principle. 25th International Union Of Game Biologists Congress, Lemesos, Cyprus. 1-5 September 2001.
  • Bissonette, J. A. 2001. Mule Deer Movement Dynamics and Roads: A Crippled Hierarchy. Utah Chapter TWS/ AFS Ann. Meeting, 21-23 February, St. George, Ut.
  • Bissonette, J. A. 2000 Invited Presentation “Ecosystem Health and Surface Transportation: Reducing the Virtual Footprint” Sponsored by the National Academy of Science’ National Research Council, Washington D.C. 26 September 2000.
  • Bissonette, J. A., M E. Lehnert, and M. Harrison. 2000. Lanes of Destruction: Effectiveness of Highway Right-of-Way Escape Structures for Mule Deer. Symposium: Wildlife And Highways: Seeking Solutions to an Ecological And Socio-Economic Dilemma. TWS 2000 Annual Conference (7th Annual) Nashville, Tn. 12-16 Sept. 2000.
  • Bissonette, John A., M. E. Lehnert and J. W. Haefner. 2000. Dead on The Road: Mitigative Models to Address Deer Highway Mortality. Symposium: Wildlife And Highways: Seeking Solutions to an Ecological and Socio-Economic Dilemma. TWS 2000 Annual Conference (7th Annual) Nashville, Tn. 12-16 Sept. 2000.
  • Bissonette, J. A. 2000. Dead on The Road: Mule Deer in aHostile Environment. 2000 National Convention Mule Deer Foundation, 17-18 March 2000, Salt Lake City, Ut.
  • Bissonette, J. A. 1999. Do At-Grade Highway Crossing Structures Reduce Big Game Mortalities. Presented At The Utah Transportation Research Advisory Council Workshop, University Of Utah, Salt Lake City, Ut 17 March 1999.
  • Lehnert, M. E., J. A. Bissonette, and J. W. Haefner 1997. Do Road Crossing Structures For Ungulates Reduce Mortality: Simulation Modeling Results From Utah, Usa. Presented At The International Union Of Game Biologists Xxiii Congress Game Management And Land Use In Open Landscapes September 2, 1997 At Ecole National Veterinaire De Lyon In Lyon, France In Workshop A.5a Influence Of Human Disturbance On Wildlife:Impact Of Infrastructures.
  • Lehnert, M. , and J. A. Bissonette. 1996. Mule Deer Highway Mortality In Northeastern Utah: Causes, Patterns, and a New Mitigative Technique. Presented At The Transportation-Related Wildlife Mortality Seminar (Florida Dept. Transportation), Orlando, 1 May 1996.
  • Lehnert, M. E., and J. A. Bissonette. 1996. Do Experimental Crossing Structures Reduce Deer-Vehicle Collisions? Presented at the Ann. Meeting Of The Utah Chapter Of The Wildlife Society, Logan, Utah. 1 March, 1996.
  • Lehnert, M. E., and J. A. Bissonette. 1996. Effectiveness of an Experimental Crossing Structure at Reducing Deer-Vehicle Collisions Near Park City, Utah. Presented At The 19th Ann. Meeting Of The Southeast Deer Study Group, Feb. 25-28, Orlando, Fl.

 

Publications

 

  • Grilo, C., J. A. Bissonette, and P. C. Cramer. 2010. Mitigation measures to reduce impacts on biodiversity. Pages xxx-xxx in: Frank Columbus (ed.) Highways: Construction, Management, and Maintenance. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. www.novapublishers.com (In Press)
     
  • Bissonette J. A. and S. Rosa, 2009. Road zone effects in small mammal communities. Ecology and Society 14(1):27 URL: http//www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art27/
  • Bissonette, J., C. Kassar, and L. J. Cook. 2008. Assessment of costs associated with deer-vehicle collisions: human death and injury, vehicle damage, and deer loss. Human Wildlife Conflicts 2(1):17-27.
  • Bissonette, J. A., M. E. Lehnert, and J. W. Haefner. 2000. Dead on The Road: Mitigative Models to Address Deer Highway Mortality. Abstract P. 52. In Wildlife and Highways: Seeking Solutions to an Ecological And Socio-Economic Dilemma. (Proceedings of The Symposium). 7th Ann. Meeting of the Wildlife Society, 12-16 September, Nashville Tx. (Abstract)
  • Bissonette, J. A., M. E. Lehnert, and M. Harrison. 2000. Lanes of Destruction: Effectiveness of Highway Right-of-Way Escape Structures for Mule Deer. Abstract P. 124. In Wildlife and Highways: Seeking Solutions To an Ecological and Socio-Economic Dilemma. (Proceedings of the Symposium). 7th Ann. Meeting of The Wildlife Society, 12-16 September, Nashville Tx. (Abstract)
  • Lehnert, M. E., J. A. Bissonette, and J. W. Haefner 1998. Deer (Cervidae) Highway Mortality: Using Models to Tailor Mitigative Efforts. Proceedings of The International Union of Game Biologists 23rd Congress: Game Management and Land Use in Open Landscapes. Gibier Faune Savage, Game Wildl. Vol 15 (Hors Serie Tome 3) 15:835-841
  • Lehnert, M. E., and J. A. Bissonette. 1997. Effectiveness of Highway Crosswalk Structures at Reducing Deer-Vehicle Collisions. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:809-818.
  • Romin, L. A., and J. A. Bissonette. 1996. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Highway Mortality of Mule Deer on Newly Constructed Roads at Jordanelle Reservoir, Utah. Great Basin Nat. 56:1-11.
  • Romin, L. A., and J. A. Bissonette. 1996. Deer-Vehicle Collisions: Nationwide Status of State Monitoring Activities and Efforts. Wildlife Soc. Bull. 24(2):276-283.
  • Lehnert, M. E., L. A. Romin, and J. A. Bissonette. 1996. Mule Deer-Highway Mortality in Northeastern Utah: Causes, Patterns, and a New Mitigative Technique. (9 Pages) In G. L. Evink, P. Garrett, D. Zeigler, And J. Berry, Eds., Trends in Addressing Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality. Proc. Transport. Related Wildlife Mortality Seminar, June 1996, Fla. Dept. Transport. Publ. No. Fl-Er-58-96 Tallahassee Fla. (Unpaginated).